Keywords
Biodegradability
chemical metabolites
latex
Physio-chemical properties of soil
Lamingo hills and Jos
chemical metabolites
latex
Physio-chemical properties of soil
Lamingo hills and Jos
Abstract
This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of degradability of chemical metabolites in latex underneath latex-producing plants in soil samples collected in Lamingo hill of Jos North lay out. Soil samples were collected using soil augar at 0.5 and 10 meters away from plant species. The latex-producing plants used are Euphorbia unispina viewed as A, Euporbia tirucalli regarded as B and 10 meters away from the plant is represented by C. Soil texture under the plants gave loamy sandy while soil away from the plants gave sandy loamy. The LSD of soil pH is 0.43, showed mean for soil samples as 0.075, 0.975 and 0.000 that is all the soil samples were alkaline in nature. Soil nitrogen had LSD of 0.07and the depicted sample mean were 0.000, 0.075 and 0.075 which explained that nitrogen content was higher under the plants and distance away from the plants showed a reduction in nitrogen content. The LSD for organic matter was 1.6 with sample mean established were 0.20, 2.30 and 2.50 which demonstrated that there were more organic matter under the latex-producing plants and less in the soil sample distance away from both plant species. The biodegradability of the chemical metabolites was expressed in the texture type as loamy sandy, in pH, nitrogen content and organic matter components that exist under the plant species, that is the plant parts that dropped to the ground comprise of latex in them with various chemical metabolites which decomposed, add to the fertility and porosity of the soil. Farmers can use latex producing plant parts in the preparation of compost manure and where the plant is in abundance on the farmland, it is an advantage to the farmer.
References
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Azarkan, M, Wintjens R, Looze Y, Baeyens-Volant D. (2004).Detection of three wound-induced
proteins in papaya latex. Phytochemistry 65:525–34.
Borges, C.V.; Minatel, I.O.; Gomez-Gomez, H.A.; Lima, G.P.P.(2017) .Medicinal plants:
Influence of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites. In Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges; Ghorbanpour, M., Varma, A., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland,; Pages. 259–277.
Bruyns, P.V, Mapaya RJ, Hedderson T. (2006). A new sub generic classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psb A-trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397–420.
Bushman, B.S, Scholte A.A, Cornish K, Scott DJ, Brichta J.L, (2006). Identification comparison
of natural rubber from two Lactuca species. Phytochemistry 67:2590-96.
Carter, M.R. (1992). Soil Sampling and Methods of analysis, Canadian Soil Society lewis Publisher’s London, Pages, 823.
Chaudhari, K.G. Studies of the physiochemical parameters of soil samples, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2013, 4(6):246-248
Coskun, H. G., Bayraktar, O., & Yilmaz, L. (2006). Monitoring of protected bands of Terkos drinking water reservoir of metropolitan Istanbul near the Black Sea coast using satellite data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo information, 8(1), 49– 60.
Duke, S.O.(2010). Allelopathy, Current Status of Research in Future of the Discipline. A
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due to cassava harvesting: A case study from low
Figueiredo, A.C.; Barroso, J.G.; Pedro, L.G.; Scheffer, J.J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary
metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragrance Journal, 23, 213–226.
Fernandez, C., Voiriot, S., Mevy, J.P., Vila, B., Ormeno, E., Dupouyet, S. &Bousquet-Melou, A. (2008). Regeneration failure of Pinus halepensis Mill.:the role of autotoxicity and some abiotic environmental parameters. Forest Ecology & Management, 255, 2928– 2936.
Giordani, R.; Moulin, A. and Verger, R. (1991). Tributyroylglycerol hydrolase activity in Carica papaya and other latices. Phytochemistry 30: 1069-1072.
Goodrum, LJ, Patel A, Leylam JF, Kieliszewski M.J. (2000) Gum arabic glycoprotein contains
glycomodule both extensin and arabinogalactan-glycoproteins. Phytochemistry, 54:99–106.
Groeneveld, H.W. (1999). Tracing steroid synthesis in plants. Critical Review of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, 34:59–69.
Hunter, J (1994) Reconsidering the functions of latex. Trees 9: 1–5.
Hopkins T.L, Harper M.S. (2001). Lepidpoteran peritrophic membranes and effects of dietary
wheat germ agglutinin on their formation and structure. Archives of Insect Biochemical Physiology, 47:100–9 Howard JB, Glazer AN. 1969. Papaya lysozyme: terminal sequences and enzymatic properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244:1399–409.
Ibitoye, A.A. (2008) Laboratory Manual on Basic soil Analysis. 3rd edition. Department of crop, soil and pest management . Federal University of Akure. Published by Foladave Nig. Ltd, Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria Pp, 92.
Kabir, K.E, Sugimoto, H, Tado, H, Endo K, Yamanaka, A, (2006). Effect of Bombyx mori
chitinase against Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) adults as a pesticide. Biosciences and Biotechnological Biochemistry, 70:219–29.
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Konno, K.; Hirayama, C.; Nakamura, M.; Tateishi, K.; Tamura, Y.; Hattori, M.; Kohno, K. (2004) Papain Protects Papaya Trees from Herbivorous Insects: Role of Cysteine Proteases in Latex. Plant Journal, 37, 370–378.
Koptsik, S. V., G. N. Koptsik, S. Y. Livantsova, N. A. Berezina, and M. G. Vakhrameeva,(2003) Analysis of the relationship between soil and vegetation in forest biogeocenoses by the principal component method,” Russian Journal of Ecology, 34, no. 1, Pages. 34–42.
Langenheim, J.H. (2003). Plant Resins, Portland, OR: Timber Press. Pages. 1223–80.
Lawrence, S.D, Novak N.G. (2006). Expression of poplar chitinase in tomato leads to inhibition
of development in Colorado potato beetle. Biotechnological Letters, 28:593–99.
Lewinsohn, M.T. (1991).The geographical distribution of plant latex. Chemoecology 2 (1): 64–68.
Manimegala, K, and S Sukanya. (2014). International Journal of Applied Science Biotechnolgy, Vol 2(3): 302-304.
Mazoir ,N., Benharref A, Bail´en M, Reina M, Gonz´alez-Coloma A. (2008). Bioactive triterpene derivatives from latex of two Euphorbia species. Phytochemistry 69:1328–38
Noriega, P.; Guerrini, A.; Sacchetti, G.; Grandini, A.; Ankuash, E.; Manfredini, S.( 2019)
Chemical composition and biological activity offive rain forest. Molecules, 24, 1637.
Oh, M.M.; Trick, H.N.; Rajashekar, C.B. (2009) Secondary metabolism and antioxidants are
involved in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance in lettuce. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166-180.
Papi, D.Y. and Onaji, I A (2019). Anthropogenic Activities Jeopardizing the Abundance of Latex-Producing Plants in the Vegetation Belts of Northern Nigeria. FUDMA, Journa of Sciences 3, (3) 499 – 455.
Pechan, T, Ye L, Chang Y, Mitra A, Lin L. (2000). Aunique 33-kD cysteine proteinase
accumulates in response to larval feeding in maize genotype resistant to fall armyworm and other Lepidoptera. Plant Cell 12:1031–40.191.
Saby, J.K, Bhat S.G, Prasada Rao UJS. (2003). Biochemical characterization of sap (latex) of a
few Indian mango varieties. Phytochemistry 62:13–19.
Samanani, N, Alcantara J, Bourgault R, Zulak K.G, Facchini P.J. (2006). The role of ploem sieve
element and accumulation of alkaloids in opium poppy. Plant Journal, 47:547–63.
Seiber, J.N, Nelson CJ, Lee SM. (1982). Cardenolides in the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias
Species and Calotropis procera. Phytochemsitry 21:2343–48.
Snook, M.E. (1994). Characterization and quantification of hexadecyl, octadecyl and eicosyl
esters of p-coumaric acid in the vine and root latex of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 42: 2589–95.
Sumithra, R., Thushyanthy, M. and Srivaratharasan, T.
Sumithra, R., Thushyanthy, M. and Srivaratharasan, T. (2013). Assessment of soil loss and nutrient depletion due to cassava harvesting: A case study from low input traditional agriculture, International Soil and Water Conservation, 1(2):72-79.
Tharayil, N., Bhowmik, P. and Xing, B. (2008). Bioavailability of allele-chemicals as affected by companion compounds in soil matrices. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
56:3706-3713.
Walkley, A. and I. A. Black, (1934) An examination of the detjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification to the chronic acid titration method, Soil Science, 37, Pages. 29–38.
Walz, C, Giavalisco P, Schad M, Juenger M, Klose J, (2004). Proteomics of cucurbit phloem
exudates reveals a network of defense proteins. Phytochemistry, 65:1795–804
Weid, M, Ziegler J, Kutchan T.M. (2004). The roles of latex and the vascular bundle in morphine
biosynthesis in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 101:13957–62.
Wodaje, A.; Alemayehu, A. (2014).Levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Samples Collected from Different Locations of East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. JoMCCT, 5 (3), 10–19.
Yang, L.;Wen, K.S.; Ruan, X.; Zhao, Y.X.;Wei, F.;Wang, Q.(2018) Response of plant secondary
metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23, 762.
Azarkan, M, Wintjens R, Looze Y, Baeyens-Volant D. (2004).Detection of three wound-induced
proteins in papaya latex. Phytochemistry 65:525–34.
Borges, C.V.; Minatel, I.O.; Gomez-Gomez, H.A.; Lima, G.P.P.(2017) .Medicinal plants:
Influence of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites. In Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges; Ghorbanpour, M., Varma, A., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland,; Pages. 259–277.
Bruyns, P.V, Mapaya RJ, Hedderson T. (2006). A new sub generic classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psb A-trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397–420.
Bushman, B.S, Scholte A.A, Cornish K, Scott DJ, Brichta J.L, (2006). Identification comparison
of natural rubber from two Lactuca species. Phytochemistry 67:2590-96.
Carter, M.R. (1992). Soil Sampling and Methods of analysis, Canadian Soil Society lewis Publisher’s London, Pages, 823.
Chaudhari, K.G. Studies of the physiochemical parameters of soil samples, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2013, 4(6):246-248
Coskun, H. G., Bayraktar, O., & Yilmaz, L. (2006). Monitoring of protected bands of Terkos drinking water reservoir of metropolitan Istanbul near the Black Sea coast using satellite data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo information, 8(1), 49– 60.
Duke, S.O.(2010). Allelopathy, Current Status of Research in Future of the Discipline. A
Commentary. Allelopathy Jounal 25 (1); 17 -30.
Durairaj .T, Alagappan .C, Suresh S.S. R. and Ramasamy .V. (2018) An Introductory Chapter: Secondary Metabolites, September 2018.DOI:10.5772/intechopen.79766 .In book: Secondary Metabolites - Sources and Applications.
due to cassava harvesting: A case study from low
Figueiredo, A.C.; Barroso, J.G.; Pedro, L.G.; Scheffer, J.J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary
metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragrance Journal, 23, 213–226.
Fernandez, C., Voiriot, S., Mevy, J.P., Vila, B., Ormeno, E., Dupouyet, S. &Bousquet-Melou, A. (2008). Regeneration failure of Pinus halepensis Mill.:the role of autotoxicity and some abiotic environmental parameters. Forest Ecology & Management, 255, 2928– 2936.
Giordani, R.; Moulin, A. and Verger, R. (1991). Tributyroylglycerol hydrolase activity in Carica papaya and other latices. Phytochemistry 30: 1069-1072.
Goodrum, LJ, Patel A, Leylam JF, Kieliszewski M.J. (2000) Gum arabic glycoprotein contains
glycomodule both extensin and arabinogalactan-glycoproteins. Phytochemistry, 54:99–106.
Groeneveld, H.W. (1999). Tracing steroid synthesis in plants. Critical Review of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, 34:59–69.
Hunter, J (1994) Reconsidering the functions of latex. Trees 9: 1–5.
Hopkins T.L, Harper M.S. (2001). Lepidpoteran peritrophic membranes and effects of dietary
wheat germ agglutinin on their formation and structure. Archives of Insect Biochemical Physiology, 47:100–9 Howard JB, Glazer AN. 1969. Papaya lysozyme: terminal sequences and enzymatic properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244:1399–409.
Ibitoye, A.A. (2008) Laboratory Manual on Basic soil Analysis. 3rd edition. Department of crop, soil and pest management . Federal University of Akure. Published by Foladave Nig. Ltd, Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria Pp, 92.
Kabir, K.E, Sugimoto, H, Tado, H, Endo K, Yamanaka, A, (2006). Effect of Bombyx mori
chitinase against Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) adults as a pesticide. Biosciences and Biotechnological Biochemistry, 70:219–29.
input traditional agriculture, International Soil and
Konno, K.; Hirayama, C.; Nakamura, M.; Tateishi, K.; Tamura, Y.; Hattori, M.; Kohno, K. (2004) Papain Protects Papaya Trees from Herbivorous Insects: Role of Cysteine Proteases in Latex. Plant Journal, 37, 370–378.
Koptsik, S. V., G. N. Koptsik, S. Y. Livantsova, N. A. Berezina, and M. G. Vakhrameeva,(2003) Analysis of the relationship between soil and vegetation in forest biogeocenoses by the principal component method,” Russian Journal of Ecology, 34, no. 1, Pages. 34–42.
Langenheim, J.H. (2003). Plant Resins, Portland, OR: Timber Press. Pages. 1223–80.
Lawrence, S.D, Novak N.G. (2006). Expression of poplar chitinase in tomato leads to inhibition
of development in Colorado potato beetle. Biotechnological Letters, 28:593–99.
Lewinsohn, M.T. (1991).The geographical distribution of plant latex. Chemoecology 2 (1): 64–68.
Manimegala, K, and S Sukanya. (2014). International Journal of Applied Science Biotechnolgy, Vol 2(3): 302-304.
Mazoir ,N., Benharref A, Bail´en M, Reina M, Gonz´alez-Coloma A. (2008). Bioactive triterpene derivatives from latex of two Euphorbia species. Phytochemistry 69:1328–38
Noriega, P.; Guerrini, A.; Sacchetti, G.; Grandini, A.; Ankuash, E.; Manfredini, S.( 2019)
Chemical composition and biological activity offive rain forest. Molecules, 24, 1637.
Oh, M.M.; Trick, H.N.; Rajashekar, C.B. (2009) Secondary metabolism and antioxidants are
involved in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance in lettuce. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166-180.
Papi, D.Y. and Onaji, I A (2019). Anthropogenic Activities Jeopardizing the Abundance of Latex-Producing Plants in the Vegetation Belts of Northern Nigeria. FUDMA, Journa of Sciences 3, (3) 499 – 455.
Pechan, T, Ye L, Chang Y, Mitra A, Lin L. (2000). Aunique 33-kD cysteine proteinase
accumulates in response to larval feeding in maize genotype resistant to fall armyworm and other Lepidoptera. Plant Cell 12:1031–40.191.
Saby, J.K, Bhat S.G, Prasada Rao UJS. (2003). Biochemical characterization of sap (latex) of a
few Indian mango varieties. Phytochemistry 62:13–19.
Samanani, N, Alcantara J, Bourgault R, Zulak K.G, Facchini P.J. (2006). The role of ploem sieve
element and accumulation of alkaloids in opium poppy. Plant Journal, 47:547–63.
Seiber, J.N, Nelson CJ, Lee SM. (1982). Cardenolides in the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias
Species and Calotropis procera. Phytochemsitry 21:2343–48.
Snook, M.E. (1994). Characterization and quantification of hexadecyl, octadecyl and eicosyl
esters of p-coumaric acid in the vine and root latex of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 42: 2589–95.
Sumithra, R., Thushyanthy, M. and Srivaratharasan, T.
Sumithra, R., Thushyanthy, M. and Srivaratharasan, T. (2013). Assessment of soil loss and nutrient depletion due to cassava harvesting: A case study from low input traditional agriculture, International Soil and Water Conservation, 1(2):72-79.
Tharayil, N., Bhowmik, P. and Xing, B. (2008). Bioavailability of allele-chemicals as affected by companion compounds in soil matrices. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
56:3706-3713.
Walkley, A. and I. A. Black, (1934) An examination of the detjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification to the chronic acid titration method, Soil Science, 37, Pages. 29–38.
Walz, C, Giavalisco P, Schad M, Juenger M, Klose J, (2004). Proteomics of cucurbit phloem
exudates reveals a network of defense proteins. Phytochemistry, 65:1795–804
Weid, M, Ziegler J, Kutchan T.M. (2004). The roles of latex and the vascular bundle in morphine
biosynthesis in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 101:13957–62.
Wodaje, A.; Alemayehu, A. (2014).Levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Samples Collected from Different Locations of East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. JoMCCT, 5 (3), 10–19.
Yang, L.;Wen, K.S.; Ruan, X.; Zhao, Y.X.;Wei, F.;Wang, Q.(2018) Response of plant secondary
metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23, 762.