Influence of Various Building Materials on Seismic Wave Amplification: A case study of Tapovan, Rishikesh
Keywords:
Wave amplification, High-performance concrete, Aggregate mix optimization, Earthquake-resistant, Sustainability, Seismic microzonation
Abstract
This study examines the impact of various coarse aggregate compositions—gneiss, schist,
gravel, and granite—on the seismic performance of G+24 RC frame structures in Tapovan,
Rishikesh. Using ETABS, modal, linear static and response spectrum analyses were conducted
to evaluate natural period, base shear, fundamental natural period, and peak displacement.
Results show that while granite and gravel enhance seismic resistance, high schist content
increases flexibility, reducing base shear and increasing drift. The optimized mix (25%
schist+40% gneiss +35% granite) offers an ideal balance of rigidity and energy dissipation,
minimizing deformation while remaining cost-effective. These findings support improved
material selection for seismic-resistant construction in high-risk regions.
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2. Blake, S. (1992). Rock Mechanics: For Underground Mining. Chapman & Hall.
3. Buchanan, A. H. (2002). Seismic Design of Buildings: The New Zealand Experience.
Elsevier.
4. Cevik, E., et al. (2014). "Effect of Aggregate Types on the Seismic Performance of
Concrete." Construction and Building Materials.
5. Foley, M. (2009). The Role of Local Materials in Seismic Resistance. Springer.
6. Gao, X., et al. (2008). "Seismic Response of Buildings on Soft Soil: A Case Study from
China." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.
7. Gupta, H. K., et al. (2001). Seismicity of the Himalayan Region. Springer.
8. Hough, S. E., & Page, M. (2011). "Seismic Hazard Amplification and Its Impact on
Structural Design." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.
9. Jackson, M. D., & Lumsden, D. (2014). "The Use of Schist in Concrete Aggregates."
Engineering Geology.
10. Khedmati, M., & Mahdavi, A. (2015). "Use of Stone Aggregates in Concrete for Seismic
Zones." Journal of Materials Science.
11. Marshak, S. (2009). The Geology of North America: An Overview. W.W. Norton &
Company.
12. Miller, F., et al. (1998). "Durability of Gneiss in Concrete." Materials and Structures.
13. Nataf, H., et al. (1995). "Effect of Soil Conditions on Seismic Wave Amplification."
Geophysical Journal International.
14. O'Rourke, T., & Solak, M. (2011). "Dynamic Load Testing of Materials for Seismic
Zones." Journal of Earthquake Engineering.
15. Rajabi, M., & Zeynalian, A. (2019). "Performance of Gneiss Aggregates in Concrete."
Construction and Building Materials.
16. Sivakumar, S., & Karthik, A. (2012). "Energy Dissipation Properties of Schist in Concrete."
Journal of Structural Engineering.
17. Thakur, P., et al. (2010). "Seismic Hazard Assessment of the Himalayan Region."
Seismological Research Letters.
18. Lam, N. T. K., & Chandler, A. M. (2005). Ground Motion Modelling for Seismic Design.
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.
19. Paulay, T., & Priestley, M. J. N. (1992). Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
Masonry Buildings. John Wiley & Sons.
20. Dowrick, D. J. (2009). Earthquake Resistant Design: For Engineers and Architects. John
Wiley & Sons.
21. Bray, J. D., & Rodriguez-Marek, A. (2004). Characterization of Forward-Directivity
Ground Motions in the Near-Fault Region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.
22. Bozorgnia, Y., & Bertero, V. V. (2004). Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering
Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering. CRC Press.
23. Naeim, F. (2001). The Seismic Design Handbook. Springer.
24. Chopra, A. K. (2007). Earthquake Dynamics of Structures. Prentice Hall.
25. Wang, Z. (2017). Seismic Performance Assessment of High-Rise Buildings. Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics.
26. Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., & Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). Displacement-Based Seismic
Design of Structures. IUSS Press.
27. Atkinson, G. M., & Boore, D. M. (2006). Earthquake Ground-Motion Prediction Equations
for Eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.
28. Lee, V. W., & Trifunac, M. D. (2010). Seismic Wave Amplification in Alluvial Valleys. Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.
29. Kramer, S. L. (2013). Advanced Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall.
30. Silva, W. J., & Lee, K. (2008). Site Response and Seismic Hazard Assessment. Earthquake
Spectra.
31. Idriss, I. M., & Sun, J. I. (2003). Seismic Response of Soft Soil Sites. Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering.
32. Bardet, J. P., Tobita, T., & Lin, C. H. (2001). Numerical Modeling of Soil Amplification
Effects. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.
33. Yang, J., & Sato, T. (2003). Effects of Seismic Wave Propagation on Structural Response.
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.
34. Berrill, J. B., & Davis, R. O. (2001). Influence of Soil-Structure Interaction on Seismic
Performance. Structural Safety.
35. Seed, R. B., & Harder, L. F. (1990). Liquefaction and Site Response in Large Earthquakes.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
36. Finn, W. D. L. (1993). Seismic Analysis and Performance of Earth Structures.
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.
Published
2025-02-27
How to Cite
Jafar, Z., & Mehmood, P. G. (2025). Influence of Various Building Materials on Seismic Wave Amplification: A case study of Tapovan, Rishikesh. IJO -International Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2992-2461 ), 8(02), 01-14. Retrieved from https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/mce/article/view/1008
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