Opportunities and challenges in implementing the Education 5.0 policy in tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe.
Keywords:
Education 5.0 policy, Innovation, Industrialisation, Policymakers, Zimbabwe
Abstract
There is a recent growing interest among scholars, academics and policymakers to find a lasting intervention to resuscitate the Zimbabwean economy, which has been under-performing for the past three decades. The paper assesses the opportunities and challenges in implementing the recently introduced Education 5.0 policy drawing upon a case study data from the two selected tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. The study is a qualitative research of an interpretive philosophical dimension. It generates data from conveniently selected research participants. The exploratory research design informs the data collection and the analysis that uses the thematic approach. Face-to-face in-depth interviews and document analysis were employed to generate data. The findings of this study reveal that the Education 5.0 policy has productive opportunities which immensely contributed to national economic development. Some of the productive opportunities include employment creation, increased trade, and exploitation of mineral resources, economic development and poverty alleviation. The findings also revealed some of the primary challenges of implementing the Education 5.0 policy that include lack of adequate government funding and support resistance to change, policy inconsistence and poor orientation of the policy. The study recommended that the government of Zimbabwe should conduct regular workshops to raise awareness of the Education 5.0 policy framework as well as maximizing funding efforts to ensure effective implementation in tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe.
References
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Chankseliani, M., Qoraboyev, I., & Gimranova, D. (2021). Higher education contributing to local, national, and global development: new empirical and conceptual insights. Higher Education, 81, 109-127.
Chentukov, Y., Omelchenko, V., Zakharova, O., and Nikolenko, T. (2021).Assessing the impact of higher education competitiveness on the level of socioeconomic development of a country. Probl. Perspect. Managmrnt. 19, 370–383.Doi: 10.21511/ppm.19 (2).2021.30.
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Creswell, J.W. (2014), Research Design: qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Method Approaches, 4thed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
Deng, J.R.; Long, R.R. (2017) A study of the impact of idiosyncratic human capital on China’s regional economic growth. Sci. Res. Management. , 38, 116–121.
Di, Q., Arshad, A., Tao, L., Yuan-Chun, C., and J, T. (2022). An empirical analysis of the impact of higher education on economic growth: The case of China. Front. Psychol.DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959026. 13:959026.
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Dill, D. D. (1995). Through Deming's eyes: a cross‐national analysis of quality assurance policies in higher education. Quality in higher Education, 1(2), 95-110.
Du, W.; Yang, Z. (2014) Study on the mechanism of the role of human capital in driving economic growth. China Soft Sci. 2014, 08,173–183.
Figueiró and Raufflet, 2015 P.S. Figueiró, E. Raufflet Sustainability in higher education: A systematic review with focus on management education. Clean. Prod., 106 (2015), pp. 22-23
Fugar, F. D., Ashiboe-Mensah, N. A., & Adinyira, E. (2013). Human capital theory: Implications for the Ghanaian construction industry development. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 3(1), 464-481.
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Garwe, E. C., & Thondhlana, J. (2019). Higher education systems and institutions, Zimbabwe. Encyclopaedia of international higher education systems and institutions. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hussaini, N. (2020). Economic growth and higher education in south Asian countries: evidence from econometrics. Int. J. High. Educ. 9, 118–125.Doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p118
Jun-Rong, D. E. N. G., & Rong-Rong, L. O. N. G. (2017). A study of the impact of idiosyncratic human capital on China’s regional economic growth. Science Research Management, 38(12), 116.
Kapse, C. P., Kumar, A., Dash, M. K., Zavadskas, E. K., & Luthra, S. 2018. Developing textile entrepreneurial inclination model by integrating experts mining and ISM-MICMAC. International Journal of Production Research, 56(14), 4709–4728. 10.1080/ 00207543.2018.1443523
Leiva, J. C., Mora-Esquivel, R., Krauss-Delorme, C., Bonomo-Odizzio, A., & Solis-Salazar, M. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention among Latin American university students. Academia Revista Latin-American de Administration, 34(3), 399-418.
Lune, H. & Berg, B.L. 2017. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. (9th Ed.) Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Mabhanda, W. (2016). Opportunities and factors affecting adoption of STEM education: the case of Gweru polytechnic first year commerce students. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM), 1(5), 1-8.
Maneejuk, P., and Yamaka, W. (2021). The impact of higher education on economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries. Sustainability. 13, 520. Doi: 10.3390/su13020520
Manyika, J., et al. (2017, January). Harnessing Automation for A Future That Works. Report by McKinsey Global Retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works
Melluso, N., Fareri, S., Fantoni, G., Bonaccorsi, A., Chiarello, F., Coli, E., & Manafi, S. (2020). Lights and shadows of COVID-19, Technology and Industry 4.0. ArXiv preprint arXiv: 2004.13457
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018a). Doctrine for the Modernisation and Industrialisation of Zimbabwe through Education, Science and Technology Development to achieve Vision 2030: Government Gazette.
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018b). Biotechnology and Advanced Cattle Reproductive Technologies. Government Gazette.
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018c). Study in Zimbabwe: Towards vision 2030. Government Gazette.
Mohamed Sghaier, I. (2022). Foreign capital inflows and economic growth in North African countries: The role of human capital. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 147. 1-18.
Mohamed Sghaier, I. (2022). Foreign capital inflows and economic growth in North African countries: The role of human capital. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 147. 1-18.
Murwira. A. (2019). Harare: Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. Strategic Plan. 2019.
Muthanna, A. and Sang, G. Brain drain in higher education: Critical voices on teacher education in Yemen. Lond. Rev. Educ. 2018, 16, 296–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Muthanna, A., & Sang, G. (2023). A Conceptual Model of the Factors Affecting Education Policy Implementation. Education Sciences, Journal Education Sciences13 (3), 260.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/3/260.
Nadelson, L. S., Seifert, A., Moll, A. J., & Coats, B. (2012). STEM summer institute: An integrated approach to teacher professional development in STEM. Journal of STEM Education: Innovation and Outreach.13 (2), 69–83.
Ng'ambi, D., Brown, C., Bozalek, V., Gachago, D., & Wood, D. (2016). Technology enhanced teaching and learning in South African higher education–A rear-view of a 20 year journey. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(5), 843-858.
Nowell, L.S., Norris, J.M., White, D.E. and Moules, N.J. (2017), “Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria”, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Vol. 16(1), 1-13.
Nyerere, J. K. (1968). Ujamaa – essays on Socialism (Vol. 359).Oxford University Press.
OECD (2016), “What can governments do to implement education policies effectively?” in Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264252059-5-en.
OECD (2017), “Distributing school funding”, in The Funding of School Education: Connecting Resources and Learning, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264276147- 7-en
Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2013). Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues. Upper saddle river, New Jersey: Pearson education
Purposive sampling is used to reach people who have gained in-depth knowledge of a subject as a result of their professional role, experience, or expertise (Cohen et al., 2011)Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge. Google
Remenyi, D. 2012. Case study research reading, U.K.: Academic Pub. Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim-ASSET) 2016. Harare: Government Printers.
Samiha, Y. T. et al. (2022). Implementation of Education 4.0 as Sustainable Decisions for a Sustainable Development. In 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (pp. 846-850). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA54658.2022.9765080
Saunders M, Lewis P & Thornhill A. 2016. Research methods for business students. 7th ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
Tagwira, F. (2019) Harare: Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education Science and Technology Development. Strategic Plan. 2019.
UIS (UNESCO. (2019) Institute for Statistics). n.d.c. “Nigeria: Participation in Education.” UIS.Stat. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Accessed 5 November 2019. http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ng.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education: All means all. 92310038.
University Teknologi Mara (2019). Education 5 at UiTM-UiTM Academic Compass (p. 95). University Teknologi Mara.
Verheul, I., Block, J., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Thurik, R., Tiemeier, H. and Turturea, R. (2015), “ADHD-like behaviour and entrepreneurial intentions”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 85-101.
Wang, S., Lin, X., Xiao, H., Bu, N., & Li, Y. (2022). Empirical study on human capital, economic growth and sustainable development: taking Shandong province as an example. Sustainability, 14(12), 7221.
Wang, S.; Lin, X.; Xiao, H.;Bu, N.; Li, Y. (2022). Empirical Study on Human Capital, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Taking Shandong Province as an Example. Sustainability 14, 7221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127221
World Economic Forum (2018). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Insight Report.
Zhang, Y., & Liao, Y. (2021). Higher education for international students in China: A review of policy from 1978 to 2020. ECNU Review of Education, 4(4), 873-889.
Ali, M., Egbetokun, A., & Memon, M. H. (2018). Human capital, social capabilities and economic growth. Economies, 6(1), 2.
Bao,W. (2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: a case study of Peking University. Hum. Behave. Emerg. 2, 113–115. Doi: 10.1002/hbe2.191.
Becker, G.S. 1964. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. New York: Colombia University Press.
Cf, O. D. D. S. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations: New York, NY, USA.
Chankseliani, M., Qoraboyev, I., & Gimranova, D. (2021). Higher education contributing to local, national, and global development: new empirical and conceptual insights. Higher Education, 81, 109-127.
Chentukov, Y., Omelchenko, V., Zakharova, O., and Nikolenko, T. (2021).Assessing the impact of higher education competitiveness on the level of socioeconomic development of a country. Probl. Perspect. Managmrnt. 19, 370–383.Doi: 10.21511/ppm.19 (2).2021.30.
Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J., Malkawi, B., Glowatz, M., Burton, R., and Lam, S. (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher educationintra-period digital pedagogy responses. J. Appl. Learn. Teach. 3, 1–20.Doi: 10.37074/jalt.2020.3.1.7
Creswell, J.W. (2014), Research Design: qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Method Approaches, 4thed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
Deng, J.R.; Long, R.R. (2017) A study of the impact of idiosyncratic human capital on China’s regional economic growth. Sci. Res. Management. , 38, 116–121.
Di, Q., Arshad, A., Tao, L., Yuan-Chun, C., and J, T. (2022). An empirical analysis of the impact of higher education on economic growth: The case of China. Front. Psychol.DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959026. 13:959026.
Dill DD. Through Deming's eyes: Across-national analysis of quality assurance policies in higher education. Quality in Higher Education.1995: pp. 95-110
Dill, D. D. (1995). Through Deming's eyes: a cross‐national analysis of quality assurance policies in higher education. Quality in higher Education, 1(2), 95-110.
Du, W.; Yang, Z. (2014) Study on the mechanism of the role of human capital in driving economic growth. China Soft Sci. 2014, 08,173–183.
Figueiró and Raufflet, 2015 P.S. Figueiró, E. Raufflet Sustainability in higher education: A systematic review with focus on management education. Clean. Prod., 106 (2015), pp. 22-23
Fugar, F. D., Ashiboe-Mensah, N. A., & Adinyira, E. (2013). Human capital theory: Implications for the Ghanaian construction industry development. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 3(1), 464-481.
Fukuzawa, S., Boyd, C. & Cahn, J. 2017. Student motivation in response to problem-based learning. STLHE SAPES. DOI:10.22329/celt.v10i0.4748.
Garwe, E. C., & Thondhlana, J. (2019). Higher education systems and institutions, Zimbabwe. Encyclopaedia of international higher education systems and institutions. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hussaini, N. (2020). Economic growth and higher education in south Asian countries: evidence from econometrics. Int. J. High. Educ. 9, 118–125.Doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p118
Jun-Rong, D. E. N. G., & Rong-Rong, L. O. N. G. (2017). A study of the impact of idiosyncratic human capital on China’s regional economic growth. Science Research Management, 38(12), 116.
Kapse, C. P., Kumar, A., Dash, M. K., Zavadskas, E. K., & Luthra, S. 2018. Developing textile entrepreneurial inclination model by integrating experts mining and ISM-MICMAC. International Journal of Production Research, 56(14), 4709–4728. 10.1080/ 00207543.2018.1443523
Leiva, J. C., Mora-Esquivel, R., Krauss-Delorme, C., Bonomo-Odizzio, A., & Solis-Salazar, M. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention among Latin American university students. Academia Revista Latin-American de Administration, 34(3), 399-418.
Lune, H. & Berg, B.L. 2017. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. (9th Ed.) Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Mabhanda, W. (2016). Opportunities and factors affecting adoption of STEM education: the case of Gweru polytechnic first year commerce students. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM), 1(5), 1-8.
Maneejuk, P., and Yamaka, W. (2021). The impact of higher education on economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries. Sustainability. 13, 520. Doi: 10.3390/su13020520
Manyika, J., et al. (2017, January). Harnessing Automation for A Future That Works. Report by McKinsey Global Retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works
Melluso, N., Fareri, S., Fantoni, G., Bonaccorsi, A., Chiarello, F., Coli, E., & Manafi, S. (2020). Lights and shadows of COVID-19, Technology and Industry 4.0. ArXiv preprint arXiv: 2004.13457
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018a). Doctrine for the Modernisation and Industrialisation of Zimbabwe through Education, Science and Technology Development to achieve Vision 2030: Government Gazette.
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018b). Biotechnology and Advanced Cattle Reproductive Technologies. Government Gazette.
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. (2018c). Study in Zimbabwe: Towards vision 2030. Government Gazette.
Mohamed Sghaier, I. (2022). Foreign capital inflows and economic growth in North African countries: The role of human capital. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 147. 1-18.
Mohamed Sghaier, I. (2022). Foreign capital inflows and economic growth in North African countries: The role of human capital. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 147. 1-18.
Murwira. A. (2019). Harare: Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. Strategic Plan. 2019.
Muthanna, A. and Sang, G. Brain drain in higher education: Critical voices on teacher education in Yemen. Lond. Rev. Educ. 2018, 16, 296–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Muthanna, A., & Sang, G. (2023). A Conceptual Model of the Factors Affecting Education Policy Implementation. Education Sciences, Journal Education Sciences13 (3), 260.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/3/260.
Nadelson, L. S., Seifert, A., Moll, A. J., & Coats, B. (2012). STEM summer institute: An integrated approach to teacher professional development in STEM. Journal of STEM Education: Innovation and Outreach.13 (2), 69–83.
Ng'ambi, D., Brown, C., Bozalek, V., Gachago, D., & Wood, D. (2016). Technology enhanced teaching and learning in South African higher education–A rear-view of a 20 year journey. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(5), 843-858.
Nowell, L.S., Norris, J.M., White, D.E. and Moules, N.J. (2017), “Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria”, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Vol. 16(1), 1-13.
Nyerere, J. K. (1968). Ujamaa – essays on Socialism (Vol. 359).Oxford University Press.
OECD (2016), “What can governments do to implement education policies effectively?” in Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264252059-5-en.
OECD (2017), “Distributing school funding”, in The Funding of School Education: Connecting Resources and Learning, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264276147- 7-en
Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2013). Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues. Upper saddle river, New Jersey: Pearson education
Purposive sampling is used to reach people who have gained in-depth knowledge of a subject as a result of their professional role, experience, or expertise (Cohen et al., 2011)Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge. Google
Remenyi, D. 2012. Case study research reading, U.K.: Academic Pub. Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim-ASSET) 2016. Harare: Government Printers.
Samiha, Y. T. et al. (2022). Implementation of Education 4.0 as Sustainable Decisions for a Sustainable Development. In 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (pp. 846-850). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA54658.2022.9765080
Saunders M, Lewis P & Thornhill A. 2016. Research methods for business students. 7th ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
Tagwira, F. (2019) Harare: Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education Science and Technology Development. Strategic Plan. 2019.
UIS (UNESCO. (2019) Institute for Statistics). n.d.c. “Nigeria: Participation in Education.” UIS.Stat. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Accessed 5 November 2019. http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ng.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education: All means all. 92310038.
University Teknologi Mara (2019). Education 5 at UiTM-UiTM Academic Compass (p. 95). University Teknologi Mara.
Verheul, I., Block, J., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Thurik, R., Tiemeier, H. and Turturea, R. (2015), “ADHD-like behaviour and entrepreneurial intentions”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 85-101.
Wang, S., Lin, X., Xiao, H., Bu, N., & Li, Y. (2022). Empirical study on human capital, economic growth and sustainable development: taking Shandong province as an example. Sustainability, 14(12), 7221.
Wang, S.; Lin, X.; Xiao, H.;Bu, N.; Li, Y. (2022). Empirical Study on Human Capital, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Taking Shandong Province as an Example. Sustainability 14, 7221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127221
World Economic Forum (2018). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Insight Report.
Zhang, Y., & Liao, Y. (2021). Higher education for international students in China: A review of policy from 1978 to 2020. ECNU Review of Education, 4(4), 873-889.
Published
2023-09-30
How to Cite
Mabwe, N., & Mabhanda, W. (2023). Opportunities and challenges in implementing the Education 5.0 policy in tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. IJO -International Journal of Business Management ( ISSN 2811-2504 ), 6(09), 10-35. Retrieved from https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/bm/article/view/731
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